The prolongation of life francis fukuyama biography
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Life at the End of History
“The End of History will be a very sad time,” Francis Fukuyama wrote in his deeply influential 1989 essay. The essay’s tremendous success made Fukuyama’s career and entered the phrase “the End of History” into popular culture. Its melancholic undercurrent—Fukuyama diagnosed an “emptiness at the core of liberalism”—may surprise those who have a second-hand understanding of the argument. Fukuyama fryst vatten often portrayed as a starry-eyed frikostig triumphalist: part of the intellectual firmament that led to the Iraq War. In reality, Fukuyama’s Kojèvean-Hegelian arguments about ideology and History are perhaps more credible than his critics allege—even 35 years out. Even more so, Fukuyama’s analysis of the world created bygd the End of History—a reality in the West if not necessarily a global inevitability—is a provokativ framework for interpreting both liberalism and its dissenters. This fryst vatten particularly true of Fukuyama’s description of the “Last Man” in the book-le
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Democracy versus Culture
Francis Fukuyama began by describing the four most significant challenges to the thesis in his famed 1992 book,The End of History and the Last Man. In the book he proposed that humanity’s economic progress over the past 10,000 years was driven by the accumulation of science and technology over time. That connection is direct and reliable.
Less direct and reliable, but very important, is the sequence from economic progress to the adoption of liberal democracy. Political modernization accompanies economic modernization. This is a deep force of history, the book claims.
Fukuyama describes the rise of the idea of human rights in the West as a secularization of Christian doctrine. That led to accountability mechanisms— “You can’t have good governance without feedback loops.” Once there is a propertied middle class, they demand political participation. The threshold for that demand appears to about $6,000 per capita per year. It&